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Using navigational techniques based on natural cues like the stars, birds, cloud formations, and ocean waves, Polynesian explorers were able to traverse incredibly vast distances of the Pacific Ocean to discover and inhabit numerous islands.
Before researching for this newsletter, I knew pretty much next to nothing about the ocean excursions of the Polynesian people. But I'm so glad Raquel submitted this question because I think it's truly one of the most impressive feats of humanity.
A quick note: While I'll keep the focus of this question is on the voyages made by the Polynesian people, since they traveled much greater distances, similar advanced seafaring techniques were used by the Micronesian and Melanesian people, who are often left out of historical accounts on this topic.
Between 1100-900 BCE, the ancestors of the Polynesians, the Lapita people, set off from Taiwan and started to inhabit islands in Remote Oceania. Their eventual settlement in the Polynesian Triangle, a geographic area that includes over 1,000 islands in an ocean area of over 10 million square miles, stands testament to their exceptional seafaring capabilities.
The settlement took a thousand years to complete. By the time European sailors entered the Pacific Ocean in the 1500s, almost all the habitable islands had been settled for centuries.
When Europeans learned that Polynesians had no modern navigational equipment, most were dismissive of the techniques they used to navigate the ocean. The prevailing view was that ancient Polynesian boats had simply drifted directionless and accidentally stumbled upon islands. However, recent computer simulations and voyages in replica canoes have demonstrated that the probability of accidental migration is negligible.
The Polynesian seafarers were exceptionally in tune with the natural environment and paid attention to cues that would indicate when they were approaching landmass. These techniques were memorized and passed down through oral tradition.
On an expedition to find a new habitable island, it's thought that their crew would pay 14 days of supplies β 5 days to go out, 5 days to come back, and a buffer of 4 days worth of supplies in case of storms.
Here are some of the ways Polynesian explorers found islands:
Once islands were found, the Polynesians would use stargazing as a way to navigate between islands. They memorized the entire night sky and used stars as their primary navigation tool, referencing the rising and setting points of certain stars and constellations at different times of the year. Key stars divided the sky into quadrants, creating a star map that could be used as a compass for directions.
Okay, so we know the wildly impressive ways that Polynesians traveled the ocean β but why do it in the first place? Why take the leap into the unknown? Here are some reasons why ancient Polynesians decided to set off into the vast expanse of the ocean:
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βSources for this week's newsletterβ
This is a nonfiction book of letters sent back and forth for decades between a lover of books in New York and the staff of a used book store in London. It's charming, funny, heartwarming, and sad at times. I haven't read a book quite like this one β it felt very intimate to read letters sent between two parties that grew very fond of each other just through the process of penning notes and swapping books. Truly a delight.
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